Not that I know of in any easy way. You could mount the host file system where all container filesystems are stored, but that exposes quite a bit more.
Ironically, I wanted to avoid mounting the host file system, therefore I wanted to check if the thought explained in the original post would be feasible.
I actually only need a SMB share within a container exposed.
I’d like to:
Create a privileged container
mount an SMB share in it
letting the privileged container mount the SMB share on /smb
exposing /smb as a volume to the host file-system, i.e. /smb:/smb
mounting the volume in the non-privileged main container